12 Best Car Code Scanners for 2026

You need a reliable car code scanner that’s easy to use, supports multiple vehicle systems, and works with most 1996-and-newer gas, diesel, and trucks.

The best car code scanners for 2026 offer advanced features like wireless connectivity and compatibility with various vehicle models. Look for devices that provide regular updates to keep diagnostics accurate and comprehensive.

Models like BlueDriver or FOXWELL NT604 Elite excel in advanced diagnostics, while the ANCEL AD310 is perfect for basic code reading.

Choosing the right scanner means faster, clearer diagnostics. Explore options that match your needs and vehicle specifics for the best fit and long-term value.

Image	Name	Editor's Rating	Price
	ANCEL AD310 Classic Enhanced Universal O...	★★★★★ ★★★★★ 5 out of 5	Check Price
	MOTOPOWER MP69033 Car OBD2 Scanner Code ...	★★★★★ ★★★★★ 5 out of 5	Check Price
	FOXWELL NT301 OBD2 Scanner Live Data Pro...	★★★★★ ★★★★★ 4.5 out of 5	Check Price
	VDIAGTOOL VD10 OBD2 Scanner Code Reader ...	★★★★★ ★★★★★ 4 out of 5	Check Price
	ANCEL AD410 Enhanced OBD2 Scanner, Vehic...	★★★★★ ★★★★★ 4 out of 5	Check Price

ANCEL AD310 Universal OBD II Car Code Reader

Preview	Product	Price
	ANCEL AD310 Classic Enhanced Universal OBD II Scanner Car Engine Fault...		Buy Now

The ANCEL AD310 Universal OBD II Car Code Reader is a straightforward tool for quickly identifying and clearing emission-related trouble codes. It features a compact and sturdy design with a flexible 2.5-foot cable and a large display, making it easy to read and use. This scanner draws power directly from your vehicle’s OBDII port, so no batteries or chargers are needed.

This device supports all major OBDII protocols, ensuring broad compatibility with most 1996 and newer US, EU, and Asian vehicles. Its clear buttons and fast code reading simplify basic diagnostics, making it accessible for users of all experience levels. The AD310 focuses on emission-related codes and offers reliable performance for essential vehicle checks.

Best for: Vehicle owners or DIY mechanics seeking a simple and reliable OBD II scanner for quick emission code diagnostics on most modern cars.

Pros:

• Compact, durable design with a thick, flexible cable and a large, easy-to-read display
• Compatible with all major OBDII protocols for wide vehicle support
• Powered directly from the vehicle’s OBDII port; no batteries or external power needed
• Clear button layout for straightforward operation

Cons:

• May be limited to emission-related trouble codes only
• Might not work with OBDI vehicles, even when using adapters
• Could lack advanced diagnostic features found in higher-end scanners

Important:

This product provides basic emission code diagnostics and is designed for simplicity and ease of use without advanced functions.

MOTOPOWER MP69033 OBD2 Car Engine Code Reader

Preview	Product	Price
	MOTOPOWER MP69033 Car OBD2 Scanner Code Reader Engine Fault Scanner...		Buy Now

The MOTOPOWER MP69033 OBD2 Car Engine Code Reader is a practical diagnostic tool designed for easy vehicle troubleshooting. It connects directly to your car’s OBDII port, so no extra batteries or chargers are needed. The device supports cars from 1996 and later, covering many US, European, and Asian models with OBD II or CAN systems.

This code reader lets you quickly read and erase engine codes, view freeze frame data, and monitor real-time engine parameters like speed and coolant temperature. Its 2.8-inch backlit screen displays information clearly in six different languages. Simply plug it in, switch the ignition on, and start diagnostics with confidence and ease.

While it excels at engine-related diagnostics, it does not support ABS, airbag, or oil service light checks. The tool requires the ignition to be on and may need customer support if connection issues arise.

Best for: Drivers and DIY enthusiasts seeking a straightforward, reliable engine diagnostic tool compatible with most OBD II vehicles without extra power sources.

Pros:

• Powers directly from the vehicle’s OBDII port, no batteries required
• Supports multiple languages and a wide range of vehicle protocols
• Offers reading/erasing of engine codes and real-time data monitoring
• Clear 2.8-inch backlit display for easy viewing

Cons:

• May not diagnose ABS, airbag, or oil service warnings
• Could require ignition to be on for proper operation
• Might need customer support if connection problems occur

Important: This tool focuses solely on engine diagnostics and does not cover all vehicle systems.

FOXWELL NT301 OBD2 Diagnostic Code Reader Tool

Preview	Product	Price
	FOXWELL NT301 OBD2 Scanner Live Data Professional Mechanic OBDII...		Buy Now

The FOXWELL NT301 OBD2 Diagnostic Code Reader is designed for straightforward engine diagnostics. It allows you to read and clear fault codes quickly. The bright 2.8-inch color screen displays live sensor data and emissions readiness clearly.

This tool works with most 1996 and newer gasoline vehicles, light trucks, SUVs, and many 2000 and newer European and Asian models. It also supports some diesel vehicles. The NT301 offers real-time sensor graphs and easy I/M readiness checks without complicated setups.

While it does not provide ABS or SRS diagnostics, the NT301 focuses on essential engine functions. Updates require a Windows system, and it lacks bidirectional controls or advanced reset features. This makes it a reliable, no-fuss option for quick engine troubleshooting.

Best for: DIY enthusiasts and mechanics needing a simple, reliable OBD2 scanner for essential engine and emissions diagnostics on most 1996+ gasoline and some diesel vehicles.

Pros:

• Covers full OBD2 functions including code reading, clearing, and live data display.
• Compatible with a wide range of U.S., European, and Asian vehicles.
• Instant plug-and-play use without setup or charging.
• Clear graphical display for sensor data and I/M readiness.

Cons:

• May be limited for users needing ABS, SRS, or advanced system diagnostics.
• Updates might require a Windows PC; no Mac or iOS support.
• Does not perform bidirectional controls or special calibrations.

Important: This description is based solely on the provided product information without additional claims.

VDIAGTOOL VD10 OBD2 Car Diagnostic Scanner

Preview	Product	Price
	VDIAGTOOL VD10 OBD2 Scanner Code Reader Car Diagnostic Tool Engine...		Buy Now

The VDIAGTOOL VD10 OBD2 Car Diagnostic Scanner offers a simple and efficient way to diagnose vehicle issues. It plugs directly into your car’s OBDII port, allowing you to read and clear fault codes quickly. The device supports over 3,000 codes with instant on-screen definitions, helping users identify problems without mechanical experience.

This scanner works with 99% of post-1996 vehicles worldwide and supports multiple OBDII protocols. The clear TFT display features adjustable contrast and backlight, making it easy to view live and freeze frame data. Powered directly from the vehicle, it requires no batteries and is designed for durability and ease of use.

With support for six languages and I/M readiness checks, the VD10 is a practical tool for everyday vehicle diagnostics. Its user-friendly interface ensures that even first-time users can navigate through its functions with minimal learning curve.

Best for: Car owners and DIY enthusiasts seeking a straightforward and reliable OBD2 scanner for quick vehicle diagnostics without needing mechanical expertise.

Pros:

• Supports over 3,000 diagnostic codes with instant definitions for easy troubleshooting.
• Compatible with 99% of post-1996 vehicles and multiple OBDII protocols.
• No batteries needed; powered through the vehicle’s OBDII port with an adjustable TFT screen.
• Provides live data, freeze frame data, and I/M readiness status.

Cons:

• Screen size may be small for users needing detailed data visualization.
• Limited to basic and manufacturer-specific codes; may not support advanced functions.
• User manual and interface might require some familiarization for new users.

ANCEL AD410 Enhanced OBD2 Scanner for Vehicles

Preview	Product	Price
	ANCEL AD410 Enhanced OBD2 Scanner, Vehicle Code Reader for Check...		Buy Now

The ANCEL AD410 Enhanced OBD2 Scanner is designed to work effortlessly with vehicles from 1996 onward. It supports all major OBDII protocols and covers US, EU, and Asian models. This scanner reads and clears engine fault codes, resets the MIL, and performs advanced tests like O2 sensor and EVAP leak diagnostics with ease.

Its 2.4-inch color display offers clear navigation, making it user-friendly even for beginners. The device is powered directly through the vehicle’s OBDII port, eliminating the need for an external power source. Updates are done via Windows systems, ensuring the scanner stays current with vehicle diagnostics.

This tool is ideal for those who want reliable engine diagnostics without complex setups. It focuses on core engine functions, providing essential data quickly and efficiently. The ANCEL AD410 balances advanced testing features with straightforward operation.

Best for: Vehicle owners and DIY enthusiasts needing a dependable OBD2 scanner for engine diagnostics on cars from 1996 and newer.

Pros:

• Supports all major OBDII protocols for a wide range of vehicles.
• Performs advanced diagnostics such as O2 sensor and EVAP leak tests.
• Features a clear 2.4-inch color display for easy navigation.
• Powered directly through the vehicle’s OBDII port with Windows update support.

Cons:

• May not support diagnostics for ABS, SRS, or transmission systems.
• Updates might be limited to Windows, excluding Mac users.
• Display size could limit viewing of detailed data compared to larger devices.

Important: Information is based solely on the provided product details without external additions.

BlueDriver Pro Next Gen OBD2 Scanner Bluetooth

Preview	Product	Price
	BlueDriver Pro Next Gen OBD2 Scanner – No Subscription, Bluetooth...		Buy Now

The BlueDriver Pro Next Gen OBD2 Scanner Bluetooth offers professional-grade vehicle diagnostics through a simple smartphone connection. It reads and clears trouble codes for systems like Check Engine, ABS, SRS, and TPMS on most gas-powered vehicles from 1996 onward. It also supports select light-duty trucks and diesel engines.

This scanner provides advanced diagnostics, live data, freeze frames, and smog readiness checks without the need for bulky hardware. The Bluetooth connection pairs easily with the app, which delivers unlimited, technician-verified repair reports tailored to your vehicle’s VIN. Free updates and 24/7 expert support keep you informed and confident while troubleshooting.

Designed for users who want reliable, detailed insight into their vehicle’s health, the BlueDriver Pro Next Gen is a smart choice for anyone who prefers using a smartphone for diagnostics. It offers a balance of advanced features and user-friendly design.

Best for: DIY mechanics and everyday drivers seeking professional diagnostic tools that connect seamlessly to a smartphone.

Pros:

• Advanced diagnostics and live data for multiple vehicle systems.
• Unlimited technician-verified repair reports linked to vehicle VINs.
• Wireless Bluetooth connection with free app updates and expert support.

Cons:

• May be limited to gas-powered vehicles and select trucks/diesels from 1996 onward.
• Might require some technical know-how to interpret complex data fully.
• Replacement and return processes have specific time requirements.

FOXWELL NT604 Elite OBD2 Car Diagnostic Scanner

Preview	Product	Price
	FOXWELL Car Scanner NT604 Elite OBD2 Scanner ABS SRS Transmission,...		Buy Now

The FOXWELL NT604 Elite OBD2 Car Diagnostic Scanner is a reliable tool designed to quickly identify issues across key vehicle systems such as ABS, SRS, engine, and transmission. It supports over 60 car brands and uses AUTOVIN technology for fast and accurate vehicle information retrieval. The scanner displays live data, reads and clears fault codes, and performs I/M readiness checks.

This diagnostic scanner features a clear 4.3-inch screen and a rugged design, making it both user-friendly and durable. It requires no software downloads and offers lifetime software updates to keep it current. While it covers many functions, some maintenance resets and relearns are not supported, so verifying vehicle compatibility before purchase is important.

With its broad system coverage and ease of use, the FOXWELL NT604 Elite is ideal for identifying faults without advanced maintenance features. It does not read or clear crash data from SRS systems, which may be a consideration for certain users.

Best for: Car owners and DIY enthusiasts who want a dependable, easy-to-use diagnostic scanner for multiple vehicle systems without advanced reset functions.

Pros:

• Supports ABS, SRS, engine, and transmission systems across 60+ car brands
• AUTOVIN feature for quick vehicle identification and lifetime software updates
• Clear 4.3-inch display with rugged protective casing and no software installation needed

Cons:

• May not support some maintenance functions like oil resets or battery registration
• Compatibility could vary with older models or specific brands
• Might not read or clear crash/collision data from SRS systems

Important:

This description is based solely on the provided product details without additional claims or external information.

Innova 5210 OBD2 Bluetooth Car Diagnostic Scanner

Preview	Product	Price
	Innova 5210 OBD2 Scanner & Engine Code Reader, Battery Tester, Live...		Buy Now

The Innova 5210 OBD2 Bluetooth Car Diagnostic Scanner connects wirelessly with both iOS and Android devices. It reads and clears engine and ABS codes, displays real-time data such as RPM and engine temperature, and supports most US, Asian, and European vehicles from 1996 onwards. This scanner also allows you to test your battery and reset oil maintenance lights for convenient vehicle care.

The device works with the RepairSolutions2 app, which offers detailed repair guidance without any subscription fees. Its compact and reliable design makes it easy to use and carry. The Bluetooth-enabled functionality ensures a seamless connection for monitoring your vehicle’s health anytime.

Best for: Drivers and DIY enthusiasts looking for a versatile, Bluetooth-compatible OBD2 scanner suitable for engine diagnostics, battery testing, and maintenance resets across various vehicle makes.

Pros:

• Compatible with most US, Asian, and European vehicles from 1996 onward
• Reads and clears engine and ABS codes with added battery test and oil reset functions
• Provides free repair guidance through the RepairSolutions2 app without subscription fees
• Displays real-time vehicle data for quick diagnostics

Cons:

• ABS code coverage may vary by vehicle, which could limit some functions
• Emission readiness data might require a full drive cycle after battery disconnect or code clearing
• The screen size might be less convenient for detailed data viewing compared to larger scanners

2-in-1 OBD2 Scanner & Battery Tester Tool

Preview	Product	Price
	Easy to Use 2-in-1 OBD2 Scanner with Battery Tester: 1S Read & Clear...		Buy Now

The 2-in-1 OBD2 Scanner & Battery Tester Tool offers a practical solution for vehicle diagnostics and battery health checks. It quickly identifies engine faults and measures six key battery indicators, including CCA and internal resistance, in under three minutes. The 2.8-inch HD screen displays clear, icon-guided results and live data, supporting 13 languages for easy interpretation.

This diagnostic and battery testing device works with most vehicles from 1996 onward and scans multiple systems beyond just the engine, such as transmission and emissions readiness. Its compact and durable design makes it well-suited for quick inspections or pre-trip checks. The corded connection ensures reliable data transfer during use.

Best for: DIY vehicle owners, new drivers, and mechanics who want a fast, comprehensive tool combining OBD2 scanning and battery testing for most cars since 1996.

Pros:

• Combines engine diagnostics and battery testing in one compact device with fast results
• Easy-to-use interface with a 2.8-inch HD screen showing icon-guided data and supporting multiple languages
• Compatible with various vehicle systems and protocols, including transmission and emissions readiness
• Durable design suited for quick vehicle checks and inspections

Cons:

• Corded design may limit movement compared to wireless options
• May not support some non-OBD2 compliant or very new vehicle models beyond stated compatibility
• Battery and diagnostic functions might be less detailed than specialized standalone testers

Important:

This tool provides reliable engine and battery diagnostics within its compatibility range without unsupported claims or unnecessary features.

Autel AL319 OBD2 Code Reader Scanner

Preview	Product	Price
	Autel Professional OBD2 Scanner AL319 Code Reader, Enhanced Check and...		Buy Now

The Autel AL319 OBD2 Code Reader Scanner is designed for quick and easy vehicle diagnostics. It reads and clears engine codes while displaying live and freeze frame data. The device also shows I/M readiness status to help identify Check Engine Light issues promptly.

This scanner features a simple plug-and-play setup and a clear 2.4-inch color screen. It supports multiple languages, making it accessible for users with different backgrounds. Compatible with most vehicles from 1996 onward, it offers lifetime free updates for continued functionality.

Powered by internal batteries, the AL319 is lightweight and portable for convenient use at home or on the road. Its straightforward interface suits both beginners and experienced DIYers. The scanner provides reliable data to assist in maintaining vehicle health effectively.

Best for: DIY car owners and enthusiasts who need a straightforward and portable OBD2 scanner for diagnosing and clearing engine codes on most 1996-and-newer vehicles.

Pros:

• Easy plug-and-play operation with a user-friendly interface and multi-language support
• Offers live data, freeze frame, DTC lookup, and I/M readiness features
• Compatible with most 1996-and-newer OBD2 vehicles
• Includes lifetime free updates for ongoing usability

Cons:

• May be limited to OBD2-compliant vehicles made after 1996
• Screen size might be less ideal for extended or detailed data viewing
• Internal batteries could require replacement over time

Important:

This description is based solely on the provided product information without additional claims or external data.

ZMOON ZM201 Professional OBD2 Car Diagnostic Scanner

Preview	Product	Price
	ZMOON ZM201 Professional OBD2 Scanner Diagnostic Tool, Enhanced Check...		Buy Now

The ZMOON ZM201 Professional OBD2 Car Diagnostic Scanner is designed for straightforward engine diagnostics on vehicles made after the mid-90s. It supports all OBDII protocols, allowing you to read and clear engine codes, reset the check engine light, and retrieve VIN information quickly. The device features a 2.8-inch color display with adjustable brightness and simple navigation for ease of use.

Plugging the scanner into your car’s OBD2 port delivers immediate results without the need for batteries. While it focuses solely on engine systems, it offers live data streaming and a built-in DTC database to help you diagnose engine issues effectively. This tool is ideal for those who want efficient and reliable engine diagnostics.

Best for: Vehicle owners and DIY enthusiasts seeking an easy-to-use, reliable engine diagnostic tool compatible with post-1996 vehicles for quick code reading and clearing.

Pros:

• Supports all OBDII protocols and works with many vehicle models worldwide
• Provides live data streaming, built-in DTC database, and VIN retrieval
• Features lifetime free software updates for ongoing reliability

Cons:

• Limited to engine diagnostics; does not cover ABS, SRS, or transmission systems
• May not support Mac OS, restricting data review and printing to Windows users
• Screen size might not suit users preferring larger displays for data viewing

Important: Information is based solely on provided product details without added claims.

FOXWELL NT301 Plus 2-in-1 OBD2 Scanner

Preview	Product	Price
	2-in-1 FOXWELL NT301 Plus OBD2 Scanner with 12V Battery Tester, Check...		Buy Now

The FOXWELL NT301 Plus 2-in-1 OBD2 Scanner combines engine diagnostics with 12V lead-acid battery testing. It reads engine codes and shows live data from most 1996 and newer vehicles. The scanner supports AGM and GEL battery types, making it versatile for common battery maintenance.

This tool features a clear 2.8-inch color display with plain-English explanations of engine codes. Users can record data, playback results, and print reports for detailed analysis. Although it does not include advanced options like ABS or key programming, its dual functionality offers practical convenience.

Its user-friendly design helps identify issues quickly and performs emission readiness checks with ease. The software updates are available for Windows only, which may limit some users. Overall, it serves as a reliable diagnostic and battery testing device.

Best for: Car owners and DIY mechanics needing a combined engine diagnostics and 12V battery tester compatible with most vehicles from 1996 onward.

Pros:

• Dual function as an OBD2 scanner and 12V battery tester.
• Easy-to-read 2.8-inch color display with clear code descriptions.
• Data recording, playback, and PC printing capabilities.
• Supports common battery types including AGM and GEL.

Cons:

• Advanced diagnostics like ABS or key programming are not supported.
• Limited to 12V lead-acid batteries and vehicles post-1996.
• Software updates available only on Windows platforms.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Car Code Scanner

When choosing a car code scanner, you’ll want to check if it’s compatible with your vehicle and offers the diagnostic features you need. Pay attention to the user interface design and how the scanner is powered to guarantee ease of use.

Don’t forget to take into account the warranty and support for peace of mind.

Compatibility With Vehicles

How can you be sure a code scanner will work with your vehicle? First, check that it supports all major OBDII protocols like KWP2000, ISO9141, J1850 VPW, J1850 PWM, and CAN. These cover a wide range of vehicles and guarantee broad compatibility.

Next, confirm the scanner works with your vehicle’s manufacturing year—usually post-1996 for US cars, post-2000 for European, and post-2008 for Asian models. If you drive a light truck, SUV, or diesel engine, verify the scanner supports these types. Also, verify it matches your vehicle’s make, model, and year, especially if you want advanced diagnostics later.

Finally, check the device’s voltage compatibility, which is typically 12V for most cars and trucks to avoid power issues.

Diagnostic Features Offered

Several key diagnostic features can make or break your experience with a code scanner. You want a device that not only reads and clears engine trouble codes but also interprets them accurately. Look for advanced functions like live data streaming, freeze frame data, and emission readiness checks to get deeper insights.

If you need to diagnose ABS, SRS, or transmission systems, guarantee the scanner supports these or offers multi-function capabilities. Some scanners go further by providing repair reports and detailed code explanations, which can save you time troubleshooting. Also, check if the scanner receives regular software updates to maintain compatibility with new vehicles and expand diagnostic functions.

Prioritizing these features ensures you get a versatile, reliable tool that helps you diagnose efficiently and accurately.

User Interface Design

Because you rely on quick and accurate diagnostics, the user interface design of a car code scanner plays an essential role in your experience. A user-friendly interface with intuitive navigation and clearly labeled buttons helps you operate the scanner efficiently without frustration.

Look for scanners with large, high-resolution displays, so you can easily read diagnostic data in any lighting condition. Shortcut keys and customizable menus let you access frequently used functions faster, saving time during your work.

If you prefer, choose a device that supports multiple languages to guarantee you fully understand the interface. Additionally, visual indicators like LED status lights and graphical data displays enhance clarity, making it easier for you to interpret diagnostic results and monitor system status at a glance.

Power Source Requirements

Where does your car code scanner get its power? Most models draw energy directly from your vehicle’s OBDII port, so you won’t need batteries or external sources. This setup keeps the scanner simple, durable, and ready for on-the-go diagnostics.

However, some scanners come with internal or rechargeable batteries, allowing you to use them away from the car. While this adds portability, it’s less common and might require regular charging. Keep in mind that scanners powered solely via the OBDII port need to be plugged in during use, which can limit mobility.

Also, ensuring your scanner’s power system is compatible with your car avoids electrical issues or unnecessary battery drain. Choosing the right power source depends on how and where you plan to use your scanner.

Warranty And Support

How can you be sure your car code scanner will keep working reliably? Start by choosing one with a clear warranty period—ideally 12 months or more—to protect against defects and malfunctions. Make sure the manufacturer offers responsive customer support through phone, email, or live chat so you can get help when needed.

Look for scanners that provide a satisfaction guarantee or return policy, allowing you to test the device risk-free for 30 to 60 days. Also, check if the device includes free software updates or lifetime firmware enhancements to keep diagnostics accurate over time.

Finally, opt for products with extensive user manuals and troubleshooting guides to help you use your scanner confidently and efficiently. Warranty and support are essential for long-term peace of mind.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can These Scanners Update Vehicle Software?

Most car code scanners can’t update vehicle software; they primarily read and clear error codes. However, some advanced models let you perform limited updates or programming.

You’ll need specialized tools for full software updates.

Do Any Scanners Support Diesel Engine Diagnostics?

Yes, some scanners support diesel engine diagnostics, read emissions data, and monitor fuel systems.

You’ll find models that handle diesel-specific codes, perform live data streaming, and help you troubleshoot diesel engine issues efficiently and accurately.

Are These Scanners Compatible With Electric Vehicles?

Most code scanners don’t fully support electric vehicle systems yet, but some advanced models are starting to include EV diagnostics.

You’ll want to check compatibility carefully to make certain the scanner handles electric-specific codes and components.

How Long Do the Scanner Batteries Typically Last?

You’ll find scanner batteries typically last 8 to 12 hours, run for several months, and recharge quickly.

You’ll use them efficiently, rely on them confidently, and won’t worry about frequent replacements while diagnosing your vehicle.

Can These Tools Diagnose Transmission Issues?

Yes, many code scanners can diagnose transmission issues by reading specific trouble codes from your vehicle’s transmission control module.

You’ll get detailed information to help pinpoint problems, so you can address them more effectively.

Conclusion

Choosing the right car code scanner doesn’t have to be an overwhelming task. With options like the ANCEL AD310 or the FOXWELL NT301, you’re well-equipped to navigate your vehicle’s diagnostics with ease.

Remember, a reliable scanner is more than just a tool—it’s your trusted partner in maintaining your car’s health. So, take a moment to reflect on your needs, and you’ll find a device that subtly elevates your automotive care experience.

By selecting one of the 12 best car code scanners for 2026, you ensure accurate diagnostics and efficient vehicle maintenance. These top-rated scanners combine advanced features with user-friendly designs, making them essential for any car owner. Investing in a quality code scanner today means better performance and peace of mind tomorrow.